Geometrical smeariness – a new phenomenon of Fréchet means

نویسندگان

چکیده

In the past decades, central limit theorem (CLT) has been generalized to non-Euclidean data spaces. Some years ago, it was found that for some random variables on circle, sample Fréchet mean fluctuates around population asymptotically at a scale n−τ with exponent τ<1/2 non-normal distribution if probability density antipodal point of is 12π. The author and his collaborator recently discovered τ=1/6 higher dimensional spheres. this article we show that, even more surprisingly, phenomenon spheres dimension qualitatively different from as depends purely geometrical properties space, namely its curvature, not point. This gives rise new concept smeariness. consequence, sphere can be deformed, say, by removing neighborhood gluing flat space there, smooth transition piece. yields smeariness manifold, which diffeomorphic Euclidean space. We give an example family 2-smeary mean, is, τ=1/6, whose range hole containing cut locus mean. size exhibits curse dimensionality increase dimension, converging whole hemisphere opposite local observe in simulated landmark shapes Kendall pre-shape real geomagnetic north pole positions two-dimensional sphere.

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Bernoulli

سال: 2022

ISSN: ['1573-9759', '1350-7265']

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3150/21-bej1340